Propaganda is weaponized speech that mixes truthful, deceptive and false speech, and is designed explicitly to strengthen one side and weaken the other.

There's another type of 'fake news' that surfaces during virtually every political campaign: propaganda. While media outlets overfocused on the non-scandal of the emails, this wasn't 'fake news' so much as it was 'false balance,' with newspapers playing up a Clinton 'scandal' to counterbalance an endless sequence of Trump scandals. There's a compelling argument that the release of Clinton and Podesta's emails by Russian hackers - and the media firestorm that ensued - were key to the outcome of the US election. 'Fake news,' in this usage, means 'real issues that don't deserve as much attention as they're receiving.' This form of fake news was likely an important factor in the 2016 campaign. It's tempting to say that Trump is using 'fake news' to mean 'news I don't like', but the reality is more complicated. CNN did not reproduce the dossier ( online news outlet Buzzfeed did), but the president-elect was incensed that CNN would call attention to the story based on unverified documents. Trump's evasion referenced his anger at CNN for reporting on an intelligence dossier that suggests Russian authorities have been compiling compromising information on Trump in the hope of blackmailing him. Faced with questioning from CNN reporter Jim Acosta during his first press conference in six months, President-elect Donald Trump refused to take Acosta's question, declaring, ' You are fake news.' 'Fake news' and its detrimental effects on democracy has become a major theme in contemporary politics.

But the strangeness of the election was complicated by news stories that seemed just plausible enough to be true: a papal endorsement of Donald Trump, the fiery suicide of an FBI agent investigating Hillary Clinton's emails, Black Lives Matter as an attempt to create a race war in the US.Īs you likely know, these stories aren't true, though they did circulate widely on Facebook and other social media sites. Her last microfiction book is Fenómenos de circo in 2011.Watching the 2016 US presidential election was already a surreal experience, as dozens of qualified candidates lost out to a failed businessman and reality television star. Her complete short stories have been published as Que tengas una vida interesante (Buenos Aires, 2009). Her first four microfiction books have been published in Madrid in one volume: Cazadores de Letras, (Letter’s Hunters, 2009). and El peso de la tentación (The Weight of Temptation, 2007). Her other novels include Soy Paciente (Patient, 1980), Los amores de Laurita (Laurita's Loves,1984), which was made into a movie, La muerte como efecto secundario (Death as a Side Effect, 1997). Since then, she has received numerous national and international awards, and a Guggenheim Fellowship for her novel El libro de los recuerdos(The Book of Memories, 1994). She went on to study at the Universidad Nacional de Buenos Aires and worked as an advertising copywriter and journalist during the early stages of her career. Born in Buenos Aires in 1951, Shua began her literary career at the young age of sixteen with the publication of El sol y yo (The Sun and I), a volume of poetry which received two literary prizes in 1967. Her award-winning works have been translated to many languages, including English, French, German, Italian, Portuguese, Dutch, Swedish, Korean, Japanese, Chinese, Islandic, Bulgarian, and Serbian, and her stories appear in anthologies throughout the world.

Ana María Shua has earned a prominent place in contemporary Argentine fiction with the publication of many books in nearly every genre: novels, short stories, short short stories, poetry, children's fiction, books of humor and Jewish folklore, anthologies, film scripts, journalistic articles, and essays.

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